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Maps | Zambia in Africa | UNHCR Zambia | Mayukwayukwa | Water Points | Plots of Land | Land Framework | Disclaimer | CopyrightHome | Summary | Climate Chg & Agri | Com & Cul | Energy | Gen Dis | Housing | ICT | Transport | WASH | Waste | Disclaimer | Copyright The minutes with links to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] and Engineers without Borders [EWB] Australia Zambia Refugee project information can be reviewed On-line here These Refugee projects require Capital Equipment, Materials, Perishable Materials as well as Human Resources to succeed On-line minutes can be one way of promoting Sponsors' web-sites The background to this Zambian Refugee project can be reviewed On-line here EWB CHALLENGE - UNHCR - ZAMBIA- REFUGEES DISCUSSION FORUM 2016 - H: WASH Q&A 2016-20Q Index of questions - WASH Issues - 20 Questions by 1st year Students H20) Soap Availability - 1 Reply H19) Size of water tanks - 2 Replies H18) Menstrual hygiene - 1 Reply H17) Aluminium Gutters - 1 Reply H16) Pit Latrines within Mayukwayukwa - 1 Reply H15) Toilet sanitation - 1 Reply H14) Health clinic in resettlement area & water supply - 1 Reply H13) Water - 1 Reply H12) WASH - 1 Reply H11) Available Materials - 2 Replies H10) Available Materials - 7 Replies H 9) Water Filtration - 1 Reply H 8) Groundwater, rivers and pumps - 1 Reply H 7) Impurities in water supply - 7 Replies H 6) Water Requirements in Region - 1 Reply H 5) Distance from boreholes - 1 Reply H 4) Water Tower at Health Clinic - 2 Replies H 3) Average salary earned by the settlers in Mayukwayukwa - 1 Reply H 2) Re-use of Biosoilds - 1 Reply H 1) Depth of groundwater - 1 Reply H20) SOAP AVAILABILITY - 1 REPLY #1 Fri, 10/28/2016 - 02:27 Sam Bennett Soap Availability Hi Alison, I was reading a previous thread that mentioned there was soap available for women for their personal hygiene. I am enquiring as to whether the soap is provided to the whole community by UNHCR for free, or whether it can be purchased from the local market. Thank you Sam #2 Thu, 11/03/2016 - 18:40 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Sam, The post you are referring to was discussing a menstrual hygiene program coordinated by UNHCR. Programs such as this one would be run as deemed necessary by UNHCR and their implementing partners to facilitate access to hygiene items. At other times, those with disposable income can buy items like soap from the local markets. All the best Alison WASH updated 1 year 5 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H19) SIZE OF WATER TANKS - 2 REPLIES #1 Sun, 10/09/2016 - 15:37 Cory McMeekan Size of water tanks Hi, My group and I were wondering what size the drums are that they use to hold water in? Also are there any bigger things that can be used to hold water, if so what size and how much do they cost? Kind regards, Cory. #2 Mon, 10/17/2016 - 19:14 Cory McMeekan bump #3 Tue, 10/18/2016 - 21:51 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Cory, Apologies for the delay responding to this question - thank you for bumping it back up to the top! You can see the containers that are used to hold water in the photos section as well as the 'day in the life' video posted in the resources section. These containers were provided to each household, they were not purchased. Please use the photos to estimate the size as we don't have an exact measurement. At the moment, there are no larger containers being used to transport or store water - these containers are simply filled at the borehole and carried home. Did you have any 'bigger things' in mind? There are very likely items that could be repurposed to hold water, but this is not happening at the moment. Kind Regards Alison WASH updated 1 year 5 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H18) MENSTRUAL HYGIENE - 1 REPLY #1 Tue, 10/04/2016 - 00:07 Fiorella Soto Menstrual hygiene What are the measures inplemented in cleaning and disinfecting laundry in the hospitals #2 Wed, 10/12/2016 - 18:27 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Fiorella, Generally the equipment in the health clinics and health posts is sterilised via water at high temperatures. I will have to follow up to see if there are any different procedures for the laundry that are used - was there something in particular you had in mind that I could look into? All the best Alison WASH updated 1 year 5 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H17) ALUMINIUM GUTTERS - 1 REPLY #1 Sat, 09/24/2016 - 12:40 Joel Thomas Aluminium Gutters Hi Alison, Our group is currently doing the water harvesting topic and we were just wondering if it was possible to acquire aluminium gutters from nearby and what the price would be? #2 Mon, 09/26/2016 - 17:30 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Joel, Corrugated iron is used in the construction of roofs for some structures in and around Mayukwayukwa, however it was not being used for guttering in any of the structures we spent time around, nor was aluminium. There were no gutters in use that we saw. Kind Regards Alison WASH updated 1 year 6 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H16) PIT LATRINES WITHIN MAYUKWAYUKWA - 1 REPLY #1 Sat, 09/17/2016 - 17:45 Jake Paskins Pit Latrines within Mayukwayukwa Hello, just got a few questions if you were able to answer for my group. 1) How the pit latrines are built? In the past, you gave us the idea to look at the Habitat for Humanity page, however no information was found. Is there anywhere else we could find information about it? 2) The list of material cost includes a cost for "Labour-for one VIP toilet". What does this cost include? 3) Where are the current toilets located? We have access to a hand-drawn map of Mayukwayukwa from the EWB website with the available water points, however can't interpret without a legend. Can you give us a legend for the symbols? For example, what the red line signifies? #2 Tue, 09/20/2016 - 14:45 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Jake, Have you seen this previous thread on the discussion forum? http://www.ewbchallenge.org/unhcr-zambia/forum/latrine There is also a short video in the 'resources' section that you may not have come across yet: http://www.ewbchallenge.org/challenge/1351/node/1537 The pit latrines are not mapped, however the Department of Water Affairs encourages one per household. On the hand-drawn map of the refugee settlement, the red line marks one of the main access roads, the blue line is the river and the blue dots with numbers next to them are water access points. All the best Alison WASH updated 1 year 6 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H15) TOILET SANITATION - 1 REPLY #1 Thu, 08/25/2016 - 13:08 Levi Rye Toilet sanitation Hello, What material is used to wipe after using the toilet? paper, hand or leafs? Thank you #2 Fri, 09/09/2016 - 16:01 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Levi, Apologies for the delay getting back to you. While toilet paper is available in the toilets at the offices and guesthouse, other toilets do not include this (see the video in the resources section for a look inside) and you can assume that whatever is available will be used. Kind Regards Alison WASH updated 1 year 6 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H14) HEALTH CLINIC IN RESETTLEMENT AREA & WATER SUPPLY - 1 REPLY #1 Mon, 08/29/2016 - 16:49 Charlotte Keon Health clinic in the resettlement area and water supply Hello all, We have some questions about the health clinic in the resettlement area as very little information has been made available about it and its operation in either the design briefs or resources. How does the resettlement clinic currently access water? Is any of their water supplied by tank? And/or generator? Do they boil their water, or rely on other purification practices? What is the roof made out if and what are its dimensions? What are the main uses of water? Is water from different outlets used for different purposes? Any other information you have on this clinic would be greatly appreciated If there are any photos of this clinic they would be greatly appreciated too. Many Thanks, Charlotte and the rest of the team! #2 Fri, 09/09/2016 - 14:41 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Charlotte, To clarify, the photos and information posted in the 'health' design area were sourced from the health clinic in the Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlement. The health facilities in the resettlement area are currently health posts (which are a bit smaller and offer fewer services) and will be receiving upgrades as part of the Local Integration Program. You can find out a bit more information about the health posts that currently operate in the resettlement area by taking a look through the 'Strategic Framework for the Local Integration of Former Refugees in Zambia' available here: http://www.solutionsalliance.org/system/files/resources/STRATEGIC-FRAMEWORK-FOR-THE-LOCAL-INTEGRATION-OF-FORMER-REFUGEES-IN-ZAMBIA.pdf Some of the questions you come up with will require you to make assumptions based on what information is available. For example, we know what services are provided at the health clinics and health posts, and this information can help you understand what the main uses for water might be. Kind Regards, Alison WASH updated 1 year 6 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H13) WATER - 1 REPLY #1 Mon, 08/29/2016 - 16:48 Qianshuo Liu Water Hi Alison, We have some questions, regarding households in the Mayukwayukwa area and resettlement camps: How much water does a typical family in each area consume? Can we please get an indicator of destiny of households? For example how many households are in any given area? Does this change between the camp and resettlement area? Many Thanks, Carrie and the rest of Team Water! #2 Sat, 09/03/2016 - 11:58 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Qianshuo, You can find more information on water use and housing in Mayukwayukwa on a few threads in this forum - in particular, this one will be helpful: http://www.ewbchallenge.org/unhcr-zambia/forum/spacing-between-houses In addition to the thread above, take a look at the photos under each of the design areas as these can help you get a feel for how the community is laid out spatially. You'll notice the current refugee settlement is spaced very differently from the new resettlement area. All the best Alison WASH updated 1 year 7 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H12) WASH - 1 REPLY #1 Mon, 08/22/2016 - 15:43 Qianshuo Liu WASH hi, i have numbers of questions here need to be answered 1. how many patients visit the resettlement clinic per day? how many doctors, nurses and staff work in the clinic per day? how much water do they consume per day ? 2. what does the health clinic look like? (sloped rooftop is needed for the rooftop catchment system) what kind of material that is being used for the rooftop? (water-proof?) 3. how far away from the clinic to the nearest borehole 4. Is the groundwater reliable during the dry season #2 Mon, 08/29/2016 - 12:17 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Qianshuo, Have you taken a look at the 'Design Area 2: Health' section of the website? http://www.ewbchallenge.org/unhcr-zambia/health You can find the answers to most of your questions by reading through the information posted on that page and looking through the photos. With regard to the distance from the borehole to the clinic, there is a photo of the borehole with the clinic behind it, so you can use this to estimate. Please use the information provided to make an assumption around how much water is required at the health clinic - you can find a bit more information on this topic on this discussion forum thread: http://www.ewbchallenge.org/unhcr-zambia/forum/water-tower-health-clinic All the best Alison WASH updated 1 year 7 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H11) AVAILABLE MATERIALS - 2 Replies #1 Mon, 05/02/2016 - 14:27 Marika Naude Available Materials Hi Alison I was just wondering what type of wood in commonly used in cooking fires and how the ash is disposed of #2 Wed, 05/11/2016 - 11:28 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Marika, We are just following this up and will post back here shortly. Kind Regards Alison WASH updated 1 year 10 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H10) AVAILABLE MATERIALS - 7 REPLIES #1 Tue, 04/12/2016 - 19:48 Adrienne Stegena Available Materials Hello, I was wondering if there are any ceramic makers in or near the refugee camp? If there are, do they use clay? Thank you #2 Thu, 04/28/2016 - 11:10 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Adrienne, Apologies for the delay in getting back to you - we are just following this up and will post back here. Great to see you are looking to incorporate existing skills into your project. Kind Regards Alison #3 Thu, 05/05/2016 - 12:06 Alec Ackland Hey Alison, Just wondering if there has been any progress on this question at all.Thank you (Reply to #3)#4 Wed, 05/11/2016 - 11:26 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Alec, I am still waiting on a reply but should hear back shortly. Kind Regards Alison #5 Thu, 05/12/2016 - 00:03 Eli Jones Hey Alison, I would appreciate information about the availability of ceramicists, but more spesifically information about the ease of access to and cost of local clay in the comunity for unglazed ceramics manufacture.failing this, the an estimate of the costs of large clay pots (specifically 25 & 35 inches diameter, though any costs for pots of a symilar size would suit) would be helpful.my thanks. (Reply to #5)#6 Thu, 05/12/2016 - 00:31 Eli Jones sorry, the pots we are proposing to either create or source are 25 & 30 centimeters in diameter; rather than inches. (Reply to #5)#7 Thu, 05/19/2016 - 12:50 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Eli, While there are some clays in the soils around Mayukwayukwa, clay has not previously been identified as a raw material to be used on a large scale. Perhaps through your research you can identify what barriers may exist and possible ways to overcome them? Mud bricks are occasionally used in construction (as you may see in the photos), however this is not as common in Mayukwayukwa as it is in other locations such as Meheba. For example, in the Habitat for Humanity 'roof over the head' program - households in Meheba are responsible for drying bricks to use in wall construction while households in Mayukwayukwa are responsible for assisting with the mounting of the timber poles used in wall construction (the methods for building walls are different based on the local materials available) Kind Regards Alison #8 Thu, 05/19/2016 - 12:38 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Adrienne, Please find a response from our field professional below: There isn't any ceramic maker that I know of. It would be interesting to hear and see the project that you are trying to come up with using clay to make ceramics. Thank you WASH updated 1 year 10 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H9) WATER FILTRATION - 1 REPLY #1 Sun, 05/08/2016 - 11:30 Christopher Nielsen Water Filtration Hello, Our group's design is to use a Biosand Filter to treat the water from the boreholes. These types of filters are common in |Africa, do you know if there have been plans to implement them in the settlement? Gravel is an important component for the filter; can gravel be sourced locally? Are there any quarries near the settlement.? Thanks #2 Wed, 05/18/2016 - 12:54 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Christopher, We were not told about any plans to implement biosand filter systems in Mayukwayukwa, however it would be very interesting to see how your group has thought about how applying this system in Mayukwayukwa might be similar or different to other places where they have been proven successful. We will have to look into how readily available gravel is around Mayukwayukwa as we are not aware of any local sources. Are there similarities between the gravel used in your design and gravel that might be used for other purposes? Perhaps if you do require gravel to be imported from a larger city, it could also be used elsewhere. All the best Alison WASH updated 1 year 10 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H8) GROUNDWATER, RIVERS AND PUMPS - 1 REPLY #1 Tue, 05/03/2016 - 00:53 Joseph Cerdan Groundwater, rivers and pumps Hello, I was wondering if you could provide me with some information regarding the state of groundwater and rivers within the community. Is there any sort of contamination from human waste? Are the rivers polluted with rubbish or any sort of foreign objects? What is the furthest distance a person from the community travels in order to utilise the water pump? Do people in the community use the river for drinking/bathing? #2 Tue, 05/10/2016 - 09:52 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Joseph, Water from the boreholes and wells is generally of good quality, however residents are still encouraged to boil it before drinking to ensure it is completely safe for onsumption. The Department of Water Affairs shared that Zambian guidelines require pit latrines to be at least 35m away from a water point. With this in mind, the DWA WASHE (water, sanitation, hygiene and education) committee assists households with locating new homes an appropriate distance away from water points, as these homes will come with toilets that could potentially contaminate a water source. You can see a few photos of the river in 'design area 8: climate change'. Gross pollutants are not commonly seen. If you take a look through this forum, you'll find a few discussions around the water points and distances. All the best Alison WASH updated 1 year 11 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H7) IMPURITIES IN WATER SUPPLY - 7 REPLIES #1 Sun, 04/10/2016 - 19:44 Amy James Impurities in water supply Hi, I was just wondering if you had any information about the impurities present in Mayukwayukwa's water supply. Obviously iron is a major one, and after doing some research about general Zambian water, it seems that the levels of nitrate and in some cases fluoride are also quite high. Is this the same for the water in the camp? Also, is there any bamboo in the area that would be readily available? I appreciate any help you can give me. #2 Thu, 04/14/2016 - 10:58 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Amy, The Department of Water Affairs does test for nitrates and flourides and these have not been identified as persistent contaminants of concern. Of the three quarterly report drafts we are able to access, there are multiple locations where iron is considered too high, one location and one instance where flouride was noted as too high and one location and one instance where feacal contimaninants were found. I'm still following up more detail around vegetation that may be unique to Mayukwayukwa (as compared to the rest of the Western Province and Kaoma District) and it may take it bit longer to receive a response. All the best Alison #3 Thu, 04/14/2016 - 21:25 Amy James Hi Alison, Thanks for getting back to me! That's very useful to know. In terms of the iron in the water, do you know if it is mostly solid/insoluble, or if there is a lot of dissolved iron present? Thanks again for your help! (Reply to #3)#4 Fri, 04/22/2016 - 18:03 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Amy, Apologies for the delay in getting back to you. The water quality tests only say 'iron', however we were told that at a lot of boreholes where iron is an issue, the water would initially come out clear and then after a few minutes would develop a brown color (that might help?). Good luck! Alison #5 Fri, 04/22/2016 - 18:29 Amy James Hi Alison, That does help, thank you! Regards, Amy #6 Mon, 04/25/2016 - 22:29 Amy James Also, do you know how much it would cost to buy a bag of charcoal from the market, as shown in the photo in Design Area 7? Thanks for all of your help! (Reply to #6)#7 Fri, 05/06/2016 - 10:23 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Amy, Bags of charcoal are 25 kwacha and are transported in repurposed bags (like the one shown in the picture you've referred to) that were standard 50kg fertiliser packaging. Kind Regards Alison #8 Fri, 05/06/2016 - 16:25 Amy James Hi,Thanks for getting back to me, that helps heaps! Kind regards, Amy WASH updated 1 year 11 months ago Amy James H6) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN REGION - 1 REPLY #1 Fri, 05/06/2016 - 00:19 Vaclav Wichta Water Requirements in Region Hi, just a few questions regarding water requirements on the settlement. 1) Is there a known average consumption per person, per day / annum? The WHO recommends 20L/day, is this a good figure to go off? 2) Are amounts for agricultural purposes known? 3) What is the area of current plantations in the region (we're trying to determine how much water needs to be stored)? Thanks #2 Fri, 05/06/2016 - 11:29 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Vaclav, There is more information on water use in Mayukwayukwa on this thread: http://www.ewbchallenge.org/unhcr-zambia/forum/spacing-between-houses as well as a few other previous posts. The plots in the resettlement area are 5-10 hectares. (a hectare = 2.47 acres) We encourage you to make an assumption around water use requirements based on the information you can find (just as the WHO guidelines) while considering what might be unique about your design and the context you propose it work in. There are a lot of variables you can consider when looking at how much water is most appropriate to store - for example, are you proposing your design serves one household or an area? Is it water for drinking, watering small vegetable gardens, and/or irrigating entire plots? There are quite a few aspects of your design that you can tweak along the way to come up with the most appropriate solution! All the best Alison WASH updated 1 year 11 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H5) DISTANCE FROM BOREHOLES - 1 REPLY #1 Mon, 05/02/2016 - 21:28 Jonatan Cooper Distance from boreholes Hi, I just wanted to know a range of the distances that needed to be travelled before water can be drawn from the boreholes Thanks #2 Fri, 05/06/2016 - 11:17 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Jonatan, If you head to the 'resources' section of this website, there are quite a few maps that should assist you with estimating distances to and from boreholes. I've also recommended another map that is publically available online on this thread: http://www.ewbchallenge.org/unhcr-zambia/forum/resettlement-area If you look at the 'map of resettlement area' you can start to see the pattern of how boreholes will be strategically placed in the future. The Department of Water Affairs is looking to provide one borehole for every four plots. Kind Regards Alison WASH updated 1 year 11 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H4) WATER TOWER AT HEALTH CLINIC - 2 REPLIES #1 Wed, 04/13/2016 - 00:24 Jarrod Grundell Water Tower at Health Clinic Hello, Our group was wondering if we could have as many further details as possible regarding the Water Tower that supplies the Health Clinic with its running water. The photo attached to the design area 1 page says that it fills with water when the generator is on, where is this water sourced from? If it is a borehole, how far away is the borehole from the tank? What is the tanks capacity? How far is the Tower from the Health Clinic? How much water does the Health Clinic currently use per day and how much more would they use if they could? How high is the Water Tower? How much water is the generator currently pumping into it each day? Are there any more photos? If you have any other information that I forgot to ask for that would be appreciated also. Thank you in advance. Regards Jarrod #2 Mon, 04/18/2016 - 10:14 Daniel Williams<./b> Hi Jarrod From looking at the photo, I predict the tower is about 5 metres above the ground, using reference points in the background to estimate a metre. Similarly the width is about 2 metres. Therefore the diameter of the tank is about 1.5 metres, and height about 2 metres. Using the formula for volume of a cylinder V=Pi x r^2 x h, the capacity of the tank is around 3500 Litres. Hope this helps Daniel #3 Mon, 05/02/2016 - 13:30 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Great explanation and thought process, Daniel - that is a very well-reasoned assumption to present in your report! I have just added another photo to the 'health' design area that should help you estimate the distance from the water tower to the rear of the health clinic. You can find more information on the diesel generator that powers the pump on this thread http://www.ewbchallenge.org/unhcr-zambia/forum/existing-diesel-generators This is the generator that is turned on when work needs to be done in the lab, and pumps water up to the tank at the same time. We don't have specific information on the pump itself. You'll have to make a well-reasoned assumption around how much water the clinic uses and would like to use based on the activities that take place at a health clinic as the specific quantity has not been measured. A few services highlighted to us were: 1 obstetrics (antenatal, deliveries and postpartum care), 2 screening and treatment, management of HIV, nutrient (especially for young children) and general admissions and outpatient units. When water is not available in the water tower, and therefore the taps in the clinic, it is manually pumped from the borehole outside the clinic. All the best Alison WASH updated 1 year 11 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H3) AVERAGE SALARY EARNED BY THE SETTLERS IN MAYUKWAYUKWA - 1 REPLY #1 Tue, 04/12/2016 - 14:41 Trong Duc Chau Average salary earned by the settlers in Mayukwayukwa Our group is working on a simple water filter, and although we have already limited all the cost of project, the design still costs a bit of money to build. #2 Sun, 04/17/2016 - 12:08 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Trong, There is now information around incomes posted on this thread: http://www.ewbchallenge.org/unhcr-zambia/forum/market-prices#comment-1563 You might want to look into the UNHCR's Livelihoods Program to get more ideas around how projects can be kick started in areas where individuals have limited individual or household income to invest. There are many creative ways of addressing this constraint and it would be very interesting to see if you can think of one appropriate for your project! Kind Regards Alison WASH updated 1 year 11 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H2) RE-USE OF BIOSOILDS - 1 REPLY #1 Thu, 04/07/2016 - 12:08 Gordon Stewart Re-use of Biosoilds Hi, Hoping you can shed some light on a couple of points our team has Cultural re-use of human waste...2 things that we are investigating. 1) Biogas capture and re-use for cooking/lighting etc... and 2) a by-product of this capture and extraction process would be (hopefully) a compost. Can you give us the feel on the ground of any perceived ideas about re-using waste for a gas to cook on, and as a fertiliser in agriculture. #2 Mon, 04/11/2016 - 11:18 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Gordon, Great to see you're thinking about how your design might be received in the community - that's a very important part of the process! We had this conversation with the Department of Water Affairs Field Officer and his input was that people would be reasonably sceptical about an unfamiliar process and may be turned off by the use of human waste. He suggested that these perceptions would be very reliant on how the system was implemented - for example, people would much prefer there not to be a visual link between where you put waste and where biogas comes out. He also suggested that people would be very motivated by seeing the business case - residents would be much less averse to using the system if they saw it providing cheaper electricity than what they might otherwise have. Other community representatives, such as the headmaster at the new high school, were interested in looking at biogas as an energy source for areas with denser populations. I will look into whether we are able to find any additional community input on this topic. With regard to the use of sludge as a fertiliser, you may want to think about how you demonstrate the benefits of this process and how a farmer might know that the sludge is safe to use. Recommendations around how the project is rolled out and implemented with the involvement of the community might be helpful. Kind Regards Alison WASH updated 1 year 12 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) H1) DEPTH OF GROUNDWATER - 1 REPLY #1 Thu, 04/07/2016 - 17:54 Viktor Yarchuk Depth of groundwater Hello, Our group have been wondering how deep is groundwater in the area of the camp. #2 Thu, 04/07/2016 - 17:54 Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia) Hi Viktor, We do not have many specific numbers around the water table depth however we do know that where there are challenges with water access, the water table can be up to 25m below the surface. In other locations, shallow wells can be dug by hand, which is a relative indication of depth. The boreholes are drilled to 50m as a general standard. Kind Regards Alison WASH updated 1 year 12 months ago Alison Stoakley (EWB Australia)Home | Summary | Climate Chg & Agri | Com & Cul | Energy | Gen Dis | Housing | ICT | Transport | WASH | Waste | Disclaimer | Copyright
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